(2014). doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aab2373, Oliveira, R. S., Ma, Y., Rocha, I., Carvalho, M. F., Vostka, M., and Freitas, H. (2016a). Acad. In addition, the incorporation of immunological adjuvants and new methods of insertion of this material into cells of the host organism beyond the intramuscular and dermal routes have increased the popularity as well as the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines, since the action of nucleases can inactivate plasmid DNA. Sci. Protein extracted from cultivated microbial biomass (single-cell protein SCP) can be used for protein supplementation in basic diets, replacing expensive conventional sources and alleviating the problem of protein shortages (Anupama and Ravindra, 2000). In some cases the production results from an apparent accident in nature where an organism manufactures many thousands of times the amount necessary for its own metabolism. (2016). Physiological and biochemical response of Aedes aegypti tolerance to Bacillus thuringiensis. 26, 503508. 1. doi: 10.1007/978-4-431-55248-2-2, Tatsumi, K., Wada, S., and Ichikawa, H. (1996). Bioresour. Persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) in the environment induces resistance to multiple Bti toxins in mosquitoes. doi: 10.1126/science.273.5274.488, Sanchez-Garcia, L., Martn, L., Mangues, R., Ferrer-Miralles, N., Vzquez, E., and Villaverde, A. Comparative evaluation of three different intramuscular delivery methods for DNA immunization in a nonhuman primate animal model. Radecka, I. K., Guozhan, J., Hill, D. J., and Kowalczuk, M. M. (2016). doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00065-7, Hay, I. D., Rehman, Z. U., Moradali, M. F., Wang, Y., and Rehm, B. H. 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Meijnen, J.-P., Randazzo, P., Foulqui-Moreno, M. R., Brink, J. V. D., Vandecruys, P., Stojiljkovic, M., et al. Novel Vitamin D2 Yeast Preparation, a Method for Producing the Same, and the use thereof. 88, 5965. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Robinson, D., and Medlock, N. (2005). (2016). Polym. Benef. 64, 415428. Metagenomic approaches associated with next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques will help to unravel the diversity of natural communities and in biogas fermenters communities (e.g., Schlter et al., 2008). Endophytic fungi such as Metarhizium anisopliae and C. gloeosporioides (Gangadevi and Muthumary, 2008; Liu et al., 2009) were found to be efficient in the synthesis of Taxol, being a viable alternative to obtain this antineoplastic. Gene therapy 5. Extracellular production of tellurium nanoparticles by the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. These toxins, previously mentioned in this text, are inactive crystals that, when ingested by Aedes larvae, are solubilized by intestinal proteases and converted into active toxins that interact with the cell membrane of the midgut, leading to pore formation, cell lysis, septicemia, and finally death (Gill et al., 1992; de Maagd et al., 2001). 25, 14211434. Bioaccessibility of vitamin D from bread fortified with UV-treated yeast is lower than bread fortified with crystalline vitamin D2 and bovine milk. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-384947-2.00628-0, Neushul, P. (1993). The most common method for obtaining this acid is using Lactobacillus spp. Adv. 7:411. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00411, Paitan, Y., Biran, D., Biran, I., Shechter, N., Babai, R., Rishpon, J., et al. (2008). Nova 37, 11111117. A safe potential juice clarifying pectinase from Trichoderma viride EF-8 utilizing Egyptian onion skins. Appl. Bioresour. Biol. Regulation of plants phosphate uptake in common mycorrhizal networks: role of intraradical fungal phosphate transporters. Construction of biologically functional bacterial plasmids in vitro. Pharmaceutics 8, 7. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics8010007, Nizet, V. (2015). Polysaccharides of microbial origin, such as chitosan, alginate, xanthan gum, and cellulose, are another class of biomaterials that have gained considerable interest for medical use because of their properties, including that they are renewable, biodegradable, and mimic the components of the extracellular matrix, which make them key elements in biological processes (Pires and Moraes, 2015; Pires et al., 2015). These include food production, probiotics, cosmetics . Recombinant vaccines are not yet available clinically but are quite promising. Total and functional antibody response to a quadrivalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine among children. On the other hand, the direct use of microbial enzymes in the treatment of effluents, especially industrial effluents, has been encouraged because the enzymatic action is faster, dispensing with the conditions necessary for the fermentative process. 72, 310316. (2016). Personal genome sequence information may someday be used to prescribe medications that will be most effective and least toxic on the basis of the individual patients genotype. Prog. Int. Methanogenic Archaea, such as Methanosarcina barkeri, M. frisius, and Methanobacterium formicicum, were also identified in anaerobic digestions (Godon et al., 1997; Satpathy et al., 2016). 15, 33. doi: 10.1186/s12934-016-0437-3. However, the current accelerated pace of new food production is due to the rapid incorporation of biotechnological techniques that allow the rapid identification of new molecules and microorganisms or even the genetic improvement of known species. Microbial whole genome sequencing is an important tool for mapping genomes of novel organisms, finishing genomes of known organisms, or comparing genomes across multiple samples. The integrated processes for wastewater treatment based on the principle of microbial fuel cells: a review. Chapter 4: The Eukaryotes of Microbiology, Chapter 8: Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics, Chapter 11: Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity, Chapter 13: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses, Chapter 14: Adaptive Specific Host Defenses, Chapter 15: Diseases of the Immune System, Chapter 17: Respiratory System Infections, Chapter 18: Urogenital System Infections, Chapter 20: Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections, Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering, Next: 8.1 Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. 8:17. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-8-17, Feyisa, B., Lencho, A., Selvaraj, T., and Getaneh, G. (2016). and Agrobacterium sp. doi: 10.1038/nbt1363, Mateo, C., Palomo, J. M., Fernandez-Lorente, G., Guisan, J. M., and Fernandez-Lafuente, R. (2007). J. Membr. doi: 10.1166/jcc.2016.1102. (2011). CXCR4+-targeted protein nanoparticles produced in the food-grade bacterium Lactococcus lactis. Biotechnological routes based on lactic acid production from biomass. Microbial biosynthetic pathways have been explored mainly because they can enzymatically convert inexpensive precursors, such as glucose or glycerol, into expensive aromatic compounds. Biotechnology is the use of biological organisms in technological processes. Microb. (2016). In turn, the symbiotic interaction between plant species and endophytic, mycorrhizal, and/or diazotrophic microorganisms can help plant growth and development through N2 uptake, immobilized phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, competition with phytopathogenic species, etc. Genetics 184, 917. Wolbachia infection reduces blood-feeding success in the dengue fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004973, Sharma, R., Chisti, Y., and Banerjee, U. C. (2001). Environ. Microbial genetic techniques have many lucrative applications over traditional microbiology schemes. Several transgenic species expressing Bt protein crystals, such as tomato, tobacco, and corn, have been cultivated worldwide because they have been successful in preventing the spread of caterpillars, especially Lepidoptera (Khan et al., 2016). Pilot-scale cellulosic ethanol production using eucalyptus biomass pre-treated by dilute acid and steam explosion. 131, 295300. 27, 577584. Res. Rep. 6, 37155. doi: 10.1038/srep37155, Awadhiya, A., Tyeb, S., Rathore, K., and Verma, V. (2016). The RNAs are then bound to RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a ribonucleoprotein. Oil Industry 6. Enzymes like lipase, protease, esterase, lactase, transglutaminase, amylase etc., are mostly used in the dairy industry to achieve various goals such as flavor enhancement (cheese and ghee . Food Sci. When these endospores come into contact with nematodes such as Meloidogyne spp., Heterodera spp., Globodera spp., and Belonolaimus spp., they germinate, become parasitic, and strongly decrease host fecundity (Davies et al., 2011). Eng. Microb. 37, 106126. Among the latter are 4-hydroxybenzoate, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, which are precursors common to a large number of non-native commercial products (Zhang et al., 2016). Bagdasarian, M., and Timmis, K. N. (1982). doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.12.101, Kim, K. R., Song, Y. H., Seo, J. H., and Kang, D. G. (2016). Its properties have broadened its use in the encapsulation or controlled release of drugs, enzymes, or cells, or as a matrix for tissue engineering (Andersen et al., 2012; Lee and Mooney, 2012), similarly to chitosan. Cancer 113, 30363046. (2006). Enzyme Microb. Cyclopeptide scaffolds in carbohydrate-based synthetic vaccines. J. Bioresour. A. doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.5.2789-2792. (1999). doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.11.006, Schlter, A., Bekel, T., Diaz, N. N., Dondrup, M., Eichenlaub, R., Gartemann, K.-H., et al. Another up-and-coming clinical application of genomics and transcriptomics is pharmacogenomics, also called toxicogenomics, which involves evaluating the effectiveness and safety of drugs on the basis of information from an individuals genomic sequence. Further manipulations of these species are expected to create strains capable of producing a wide variety of non-native commercial products. Adedayo, M. R., Ajiboye, E. A., Akintunde, J. K., and Odaibo, A. 107, 111116. The first indication of the use of microorganisms for cereal grain fermentation to produce an alcoholic beverage was obtained from molecular evidence from the Neolithic village of Jiahu in China and dates to 7000 BC (McGovern et al., 2004). B., Al Seadi, T., and Oleskowicz-Popiel, P. (2009). doi: 10.3934/microbial.2016.1.42, Wadt, N. S. Y., Okamoto, M. K. H., Bach, E. M., and Bach, E. E. (2015). Microbial biosensor based on whole cell of Pseudomonas sp. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz) Sacc. Bacteriol. Thus, biotechnological alternatives have been developed to circumvent the problem of the low rate of discovery of new antibiotic molecules. In this case, proteins function as carriers for capsular polysaccharides, which induce T-cell dependent antibody responses and B-cell differentiation in plasma cells and long-term memory. Novel predominant archaeal and bacterial groups revealed by molecular analysis of an anaerobic sludge digester. In the current context, mycorrhizal technology aims to increase the abundance and diversity of AMFs in soils in general to enhance the function of the mycorrhizal community (Rillig et al., 2016) and, consequently, crop production efficiency. Int. Generation of influenza A viruses as live but replication-incompetent virus vaccines. doi: 10.1016/S0956-5663(01)00125-7, Duke, S. O., Scheffler, B. E., Boyette, C. D., and Dayan, F. E. 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