A critical literature review, Public mental health promotion, meaning-making and existential meaning: Challenges for person-centered care of refugees in a secular, pluralistic context, Religious involvement and subjective well-being, Religion and health among black and white adults: Examining social support and consolation, Why me? The health beliefs of individuals have a . This is usually to protect conservative parents from worrying. Accordingly, the focus, as well in this article as in our international project, is not the theological or physiological aspects of coping, but the sociological ones, i.e., the role of cultural settings in the framework of which the informants are socialised in applying the coping methods. The continuous presence of pre-Islamic, non-Muslim communities such as Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians has served to accustom the population to non-Muslims participating in Iranian society. They ensure civil law and court decisions abide by the principles of Islam, and are generally highly conservative. It is the same with the saints and Imams. Relation of existential meaning-making domains. Breuer developed what he referred to as a cathartic treatment for hysteria. They commonly obtain a university degree and have entered the professions of law, engineering, politics, medicine and business. The vast majority (89%) of the population in Iran is Shia Muslim, 10% is Sunni Muslim, and the remaining 1% are Christian, Zorastrian, Bahai and Jewish. In above citation, we see a passive approach to facing ones illness and totally relying on God. Almost all Iranian schools are segregated. Seeking Support from Clergy or Congregation Members refers to a search for comfort and reassurance through the love and care of these individuals. Family roles and dynamics vary significantly between those households that have progressive understandings of womens rights, authority and privacy and those that maintain traditional values. (p. 46). The holy places may also function as reminders of God; Islamic/Quranic teachings argue that remembrance of Allah leads to peace and satisfaction: Those who believe and whose hearts find peace in the remembrance of Allh. The larger study has been conducted among cancer patients in 10 countries. All these things calm me down and give me strength. Sharifian (Citation2011) focused on the case of cheshm (eye in Persian) a body-part term that is important in Persian culture because it is related to emotions like love, envy and greed and pointed out that expressions employed in relation to concepts such as envy and the evil eye probably originate from a combined historical, cultural, religious conceptualisation. Almost all Iranians respect the principle of modesty in the Islamic religion. The overall international project has focused on studying these three main meaning-making coping methods and how culture may affect use of these methods. I believe everybody has sinned somehow. In recent years, there has been reasonably little disagreement between ethnicities in Iran which is significant considering the diversity. A 16-year-old man pointed out: Never before have I believed in the evil eye, but now I sometimes think that it was the evil eye that made me ill, due to other peoples jealousy. Seven major themes emerged: respect for dignity, professional integrity, professional commitment, developing human relationships, justice, honesty, and promoting individuals and the nursing profession. The individual derives a social network and assistance in times of need from the family. Their problems have resulted in an existential void, and this void requires that they elaborate the old order to form a new order that could help them fill the void. Nevertheless, many parents suggest partners to their children, who then may or may not agree with their recommendation. However, many Iranians refer to this as the surface culture in which people act as their zaaher (visible) identity. One of the most notable characteristics of the Iranian people is their thirst for knowledge. 5 Here we refer to the real believers and not to the majority of Iranians who according to the law are regarded as Shiites. In an effort to study from a sociological perspective more closely the role of culture in cancer patients meaning-making coping methods, an international project has been conducted in 10 countries (Sweden, South Korea, China, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Portugal, Brazil, Turkey and Iran). The first one is conversation with God and saints. Permission is granted subject to the terms of the License under which the work was published. A unified, searchable interface answering your questions on the world's cultures and religions. They are also sometimes taught early that the protection of family honour also resides with them. We found two patterns in our interviews. These values define what is meaningful to your familythe beliefs and ideas that bind your family together. Many people use humour to criticise their leaders through doublespeak, and share their theories of scandal and corruption with strangers. Conceptualisations of cheshm eye (in Persian), Psychological effects of ziyarat on mental health and life of human, Uppsala University, Department of Sociology. Psychology Today 2023 Sussex Publishers, LLC, Source: PakPolaris at Deviant Art, Creative Commons, If You Need to Pull an All-Nighter, This Should Be Your Diet, Mass Shootings Are a Symptom, Not the Root Problem. 0467469664; admin@thecleanex.com.au; The Cleanex is an NDIS Service Provider - NDIS Provider Number: 4050017476 Iranians take their responsibilities to their family quite seriously. When our interviewees talked about ziyarat, they often referred to visiting his holy shrine. Being a collectivist society, people in Iran show very strong loyalty to their family. This being the case, we can understand why our informants have used visiting pilgrims as a method of coping with their illness. I think He has listened. Iran recognises Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian religious minorities, among others. 5. Outreach and education efforts by the health care community can help . When it is less vital to the orientation system, and less relevant to life experiences, it plays a less important role in coping (Ahmadi, Citation2006; Ellison, Citation1991; Ferraro & Koch, Citation1994; Kesselring, Dodd, Lindsey, & Strauss, Citation1986). We will present these methods in another article. Patients then use the data forwarded to families and family members to come to a solid understanding of their health status. In this respect, a 48-year-old woman explained: I believe that closeness to God, attending religious meetings, reading the Holy Book and visiting the mosque improves my health and calms me down. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. In so doing, the following steps were undertaken. Culture influences, accordingly, the complex whole of social life: its institutions, laws, knowledge, customs, morals and lifestyles (Ahmadi, Citation2006). In Iranian culture, boys are generally more indulged than girls, and more opportunities are generally available to them in the public sphere. Ethnicity, Language, and Religion in Iran. In accomplishing this, we started from the project aim, using previous results from the project as a whole. One contributing factor may be that women in Iran are often confined to the home, leading to isolation and poor domestic conditions. Ceremonies for weddings in Iran has different sections; proposal, Bale Boroon, Hana Bandan, the wedding day, Pagosha, and honeymoon are a happy part of Iranian Culture. More recently, Iranians have been referring to themselves as living underground. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To explore specific cultural and religious beliefs and values concerning death and dying, truth telling . Persian, Kurd, Balochi, Arab, Turkmen, Azeri, and Turkic tribes are the major ethnic groups residing . This was not about my feelings and emotions but it was a kind of future writing. The Iranian people have a record of practising quite a progressive form of Shia Islam. It is a symbol of love. Family values are important to the structure and well-being of the family. The Middle East consists of . The individual derives a social network and assistance in times of need from the family. Then, an expert panel of five individuals, who were proficient in both English and Persian as well as experts in Health Psychology and Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, reviewed the translation and confirmed it, requesting some revisions so as to minimise the differences between the English version and the target Persian form. Among Muslims, the idea of testing (Ekhtebar) is rather robust. Attributions and adjustment by cancer patients, Attitude of patients living in Switzerland about cancer and its treatment, Positive psychology from Islamic perspective, Pilgrimage and its dual functions in Iranian Shiitsm, Beliefs about causes of cancer in cancer patients, Uppsala University, Department of Theology, The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. The researchers discussed the categories and themes, considering the cultural aspects. (p. 138). The perceived role of God in illness and recovery is a primary influence upon the health care beliefs and behaviors of American Muslims, a first-of-its-kind study has discovered. We use cookies to improve your website experience. Early marriage is a worldwide problem associated with a range of health and social consequences for teenage girls. Beliefs are the tenets or convictions that people hold to be true. The interviews occurred in a private room at the Behnam Daheshpour Charity Organization; there were no interruptions. Somaq: It is a Persian spice that represents sunlight. Several researchers (Ahmadi & Ahmadi, Citation2018; DeMarinis, Citation2014; Lloyd, Citation2018) have investigated this relation from divergent perspectives. While prestige can be gained through achievement, boasting of it is seen as pretentious and can draw quick dislike and denigration. They are expected to be clean, well-behaved, and good students. 6. Most Iranian expats living in Australia are likely to have a more progressive understanding of womens rights as many arrive fleeing the harsh policies of the Iranian government. 5 Spiritual Practices That Increase Well-Being. The present article is based on an international study on meaning-making coping aimed at understanding the role of culture in coping. Are Zoomies a Sign of a Happy Dog or a Crazy Dog? While some households may employ servants, others may struggle to put food on the table. We found that some interviewees, in trying to achieve comfort and cope with the stressor of cancer, used this method. Iranians can be a superstitious bunch, especially when it comes to being jinxed. In the current paper, based on the study carried out in Iran, only the results on religious coping methods will be presented. Familial relationships and reputation are important aspects of Iranian culture. Self-Directing Religious Coping is a search for control directly through individual initiative rather than help from God. He gave me my life and He can take it back. The way this is done will depend on the individual After the coding process was complete, we established the fundamental characteristics of the methods the informants employed to cope with their cancer disease. Medications like these are seen as first-line treatment in Iran. The concept of savab is based on a rational calculation of means and aims an attempt to find the best solution to a serious problem. It is uncommon for people to overtly express themselves or publicly identify with unconventional subcultures or hobbies. When an elder family members husband or wife dies, they will usually move into the house of one of their children. The term "family values" has become a popular phrase in recent years. The culture of sitting next to the table, pickles, flavors, sweets, and the rituals of its beginning and end, or hosting, and serving food is one of the main pillars, also shows this importance. According to research published in the Journal of Health and Social Behaviour by Erin Cornwell of Cornell University and Linda Waite of the University of Chicago, social relationships are particularly important for those coping with mental illness; social withdrawal aggravates loneliness, stress, and feelings of low self-worth. Illness is our fault; it is due to our bad habits and way of life. This being the case, ziyarat is considered a solution for connecting to the divine sources of blessing. They were conducted face-to-face and in Persian; all interviews were audio-recorded and then transcribed verbatim. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. We pay our respects to all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander custodians past, present and emerging. Religious association also has powerful leverage in society. perceived benefits. According to Cuesta and Yousefian (Citation2015): Although compliments might be seen as face-flattering acts, in Islamic societies it is believed that they could attract the evil ey. Most of the participants were Shia Muslims. Self-directing religious coping: A deistic god, abandoning god, or no god at all? We all have cultural values. period allows for non-family members to visit and offer their condolences. For many Iranians, there is a personal contradiction between what they want to do and what they are permitted to do. Patients in Somalia commonly exhibit symptoms of chronic disorders in response to stress and turmoil. Iranians often like to consider themselves as having a cultured yet rebellious and revolutionary identity as a people. A 75-year-old woman told us: When the doctor said I had cancer, my children were extremely worried but I tried to comfort them to not be worried and said they should trust in God. Robert T. Muller, Ph.D., is a professor of psychology at York University, and the author of the book Trauma and the Avoidant Client. Move into the house of one of the License under which the work was published understanding. A Persian spice that represents sunlight of health and social consequences for teenage girls partners... The love and care of these individuals ; all interviews were audio-recorded and then transcribed verbatim to. Visiting his holy shrine the data forwarded to families and family members to visit and offer their condolences this not... Our cookie Policy what they are also sometimes taught early that the protection of family honour also with. Identify with unconventional subcultures or hobbies among Muslims, the following steps were undertaken as first-line treatment in.! 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